Note:
*While this website is mostly geared toward Adoptees who were adopted through the Korean Adoption Agency Korea Social Service (KSS), there is also information here which is relevant to ALL Korean Adoptees, regardless of their Korean Adoption Agency. This page is relevant to ONLY Korea Social Service (KSS) Adoptees.
KSS History - NEW Updates
We will post information here that relates to newly discovered information about KSS (Korea Social Service) history.
Please see the main KSS History page for more information.
KSS History - NEW Update 1:
The article below mentions something we did not know: that Harry Holt, founder of the Holt Adoption Agency, had a hand in selecting KSS (Korea Social Service) Founder Kun Chil Paik (Alternately: Baek Geun-chil / Paik, Kun Chil / λ°±κ·ΌμΉ ) for study at the University of Minnesota as a Social Work student as part of the Minnesota Project. We had already known that KSS Founder Kun Chil Paik had received a Masterβs degree in social work at the University of Minnesota in the 1950s, but we had no idea that Harry Holt had any involvement in Kun Chil Paikβs selection for this program. This article also discusses the close ties of the Korean government to the major Korean Adoption Agencies from their inception.
Translation below via Chat GPT. Please note, we have alternated the original Korean text and our English translation via ChatGPT. This is because ChatGPT can only handle so much text for translation at a time. Please feel free to translate the original Korean yourself if you prefer. We have added BOLDS for section titles and particularly RELEVANT information for KSS history, as well as !!! to indicate interesting items.
The most relevant information from this article for KSS history is in this section at the bottom: βCase 6: Corporate-Style Adoption Agencies Still Operating Maternity Homesβ.
http://www.newscham.net/news/view.php?board=news&nid=105641
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Indigenous Enterprises: History of Corruption and Nepotism
[Hidden Women in Facilitiesβ£] Examining Indigenous Enterprises through Six Cases
By Park Dasol, Yoon Jiyeon, Eun Hyejin, Journalists
2020.12.31 10:07
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μμΈλ¬ λ€μμ 볡μ§μμ€μ΄ 3λμ κ±Έμ³ μΈμ΅λΌ νμμ μΈ κ°μ‘±κ²½μ λ°©μμΌλ‘ μ΄μλλ€κ³ μ§μ νκΈ°λ νλ€.
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"Most of these institutions (shelters) seem to be from the 1960s. They are run as family businesses, and networking is already established in the area. There are close relationships between the counseling agencies or external instructors who collaborate with the facility staff. The facilities can be operated according to the preferences of the facility managers and staff. Those who enter here (residents) are practically having their decision-making rights infringed upon. I was provided with evidence of abuse against a total of six individuals."
Assemblyman Koo Kyung-min of the Welfare and Safety Committee of the Busan Metropolitan Council stated this during an administrative audit held on November 19th. He revealed that the government and local governments have been abusing the support and benefits provided to single-parent family welfare facilities in Busan, frequent occurrences of human rights violations against facility users, and even unfair dismissals due to the tyranny of facility operators.
He also pointed out that many welfare facilities are being inherited over three generations and operated in a closed family management style.
The issues of corruption, embezzlement, and human rights violations occurring in single-parent family welfare facilities such as shelters are not new. Welfare facilities that emerged helter-skelter before and after the Korean War have maintained their lineage thanks to the government's policy of 'outsourcing welfare'. They operate facilities with government subsidies, expand their businesses, fully inherit them to their families, and even sell them to business owners or entrepreneurs. Due to the connection to religion in most facilities, human rights violations such as religious coercion against residents often occur. The current family policy of isolating vulnerable single-parent families in facilities is actually threatening women's autonomy and survival.
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μ¬λ‘1.
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λΉμ λΆμ° μꡬμν νμλ‘μ λ°λ₯΄λ©΄ ν ꡬμμμ β(νμ¬) λͺ¨μμμ μμ νλ μ¬λ(κ° μ¨)μ λ²μ λ§Ήμ μ μ΄μ©ν΄ λͺ¨μμμ μ΄ μ μλμ§ μκ³ μλ μ¬λβμ΄λΌλ©° βνμ¬ μ΄μ¬μ₯κ³Ό μ΄μ¬λ€λ 2μ΅3μ²λ§ μ(μλ μμ κΈμ‘) λμ₯μ κ°μ΄ μ°μ μ¬λλ€βμ΄λΌκ³ λΉννλ€. νμ§λ§ νΉλ³μμν μ‘°μ¬ μ΄ν λͺ¨μμμμ ν΄μΆ, μ²λ²λ°μ μ΄λ μ΄ μ¨ ν μ¬λλΏμ΄μλ€. λΉμ 2μ΅3μ²λ§ μμ λͺ¨μμμ μΈμνλ λν λΆνμ ν΅μ 체 μ¬μ₯ κ° μ¨λ, 2004λ λ§ κΉμ§ 13λ κ° λͺ¨μμ λνμ΄μ¬μ§μ μ μ§νλ€. κ° μ¨λ 2001λ 1μ΅ μμ΄ λλ κ³ μ‘, μμ΅ μΈκΈ 체λ©μ λͺ λ¨μ μ΄λ¦μ μ¬λ¦° μΈλ¬Όμ΄κΈ°λ νλ€. κ·Έ νμλ κ° μ¨μ μΈ‘κ·Όμ΄μ, μ¬κ±΄ λΉμ μ΄μ¬ λ° μμ₯ μ§λ¬΄λ리λ₯Ό λ§‘μλ μ‘° μ¨κ° μμ₯μΌλ‘ μ·¨μνκ³ 2005λ λνμ΄μ¬μ§μ μ΄μ΄ λ°μ μ§κΈκΉμ§ μ΄λ₯Ό μ μ§νκ³ μλ€.
μν©μ΄ μ΄λ κ² λ λ°μλ κ΅¬μ² κ³΅λ¬΄μλ€μ 묡μΈκ³Ό λΉνΈκ° νλͺ«νλ€. λΉμ λΆμ° μκ΅¬μ² κ³΅λ¬΄μ λ¬Έ λͺ¨ μ¨λ ꡬμνμ μΆμν΄ βμ΄ λ²μΈμ μλΉν ν° λ¬Έμ κ° μμ§λ§, μ΄λ₯Ό μλ² μ체λ‘λ§ κ³΅μμ μΌλ‘ ν΄κ²°νλ©΄ λ²μΈμ΄ ν΄μ²΄λΌμΌ νλ€βλΌλ©° μμ€μ λΉνΈνλ€. κ΅¬μ² κ³Όμ₯μ΄ μ¬λ¨ μ΄μ¬λ€κ³Ό βλ΄νβμ μ§λ λ°©μμΌλ‘ μ¬κ±΄μ 무λ§νλ € ν μ ν©λ λμ¨λ€. κ°μ₯ ν° λ¬Έμ λ λΉμμλ λΆμ°μ§μ λͺ¨μμ μ μμ¨μ΄ μλΉν μ μ‘°νλλ°λ, 묻μ§λ λ°μ§μ§λ μκ³ μμ€μ μ μ§ν΄μΌ νλ€λ μΈμμ΄ ν½λ°°νλ€λ κ²μ΄λ€. κ΅¬μ² κ³΅λ¬΄μ λ¬Έ μ¨λ βλΆμ° λ΄μ λͺ¨μ μμ€μ΄ 8κ°μκ° μλλ°, νμ¬ μμ©ν¬λ§μκ° μμ΄ μ½ 3λΆμ 1μ λ μμ©λΌ μλ€βλ©° βκΈ°νΌνλ μ΄μ μ€ νλκ° μλ λ€μ΄ κ·Έ μμ€μ μ λ€μ΄κ°λ €κ³ νλ€. μμΌλ‘ μ΄κ²μ κ³μν΄μ μ ν¬κ° λ£λλ‘ νκ² λ€βκ³ λ§νλ€. μμΈλ¬ βμ΄μμ νλ€λ³΄λ©΄ μ¬λμ΄ νλ μΌμ΄λ μλͺ»μ νλ€βλ©΄μ, κ·ΈλΌμλ βμ¬ν볡μ§μμ€μ λνκ°μΌ νλ€βκ³ κ°μ‘°νλ€.
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Case 1:
The Embezzlement Case of the Indigenous Welfare Facility, Still Thriving
According to reports from newspapers such as Chosun Ilbo (1), Dong-a Ilbo (2), and Kyunghyang Shinmun (3) in October 1977, embezzlement cases occurred at eight single-parent welfare facilities in the Busan area at the time. The directors and relevant individuals of the facilities embezzled government livelihood funds and external relief funds allocated to facility residents. Presently, after 23 years, six out of the eight facilities that sparked controversy at the time are still in operation. Five are registered as single-parent family welfare facilities, and one is registered as a temporary support welfare facility.
The director of Facility A, Mr. Lee, who embezzled relief funds at the time, maintained his position as director for about 13 years even after the incident occurred. Furthermore, until causing another embezzlement case, he worked as the director of Facility A for a whopping 34 years. The second embezzlement case was brought to light in 1991 when the "Special Committee for Investigating the Operation Status of Facility A" was established in Busan Seo-gu. Mr. Lee registered non-existent employees and embezzled personnel expenses, vehicle operation expenses, and construction expenses provided by the government. He embezzled livelihood funds allocated to female residents of the facility and illegally leased the facility to individuals who were not the intended beneficiaries, pocketing rental fees. The amount embezzled by Mr. Lee amounted to a staggering 230 million won in today's currency.
The corrupt practices of Mr. Lee, which were not widely known, surfaced during the process of illegally selling the facility to businessmen.
Mr. Lee received hundreds of millions of won multiple times from Mr. Kang, who was a member of the board of Facility A, the hospital director, and another businessman, as conditions for assuming the position of CEO and transferring ownership of the facility. Conflicts arose among the recipients of the transfer due to the contention that Mr. Kang, who was already the CEO, and his close associate Mr. Cho, who served as the acting director, could not transfer the CEO position. The crucial point was that even though the transfer of property owned by the welfare foundation was illegal, underhanded sales and purchases were carried out behind the scenes.
According to the minutes of the Seo-gu Council meeting at the time, one councilor remarked, "(Currently) the person who owns the facility (Mr. Kang) is someone who knows how to use legal loopholes to acquire the facility," criticizing that "the current chairman and board members are people who have also received the 230 million won (transfer amount) stamps together." However, after the investigation by the special committee, only Mr. Lee was expelled from the facility and faced punishment. Mr. Kang, who acquired the facility for 230 million won, maintained the position of CEO for 13 years until the end of 2004. Mr. Kang was also a person who was listed on the list of habitual tax defaulters for owing more than 100 million won in taxes in 2001. Subsequently, Mr. Cho, who was Mr. Kang's close associate and served as an executive and acting director at the time of the incident, assumed the position of director and has maintained it since receiving the CEO position in 2005.
The complicity and protection of municipal officials also played a role in the current situation. Mr. Moon, a municipal employee at the time at Busan Seo-gu Office, attended the council meeting and defended the facility, saying, "This corporation has significant problems, but if we officially resolve them as illegal, the corporation should be disbanded." There were also indications that the incident was covered up by making deals with foundation directors. The biggest problem was that despite the low admission rates of single-parent facilities in the Busan area at the time, there was a prevailing notion that the facilities should be maintained without questioning or probing. Mr. Moon, the municipal employee, stated, "There are eight single-parent facilities in Busan, and currently, about one-third of the capacity is filled due to the lack of prospective residents," and said, "One of the reasons for avoidance is that children do not want to go into those facilities. We will continue to push them into the facilities." He also emphasized, "Since people are the ones operating it, mistakes will be made," yet still stressed the need to expand social welfare facilities.
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Aλͺ¨μμμ 2020λ νμ¬ 12μΈλλ₯Ό μμ©ν μ μλ κ·λͺ¨λ‘ μ΄μλκ³ μλ€. 1991λ κΈ°μ€ μ μ μΈλκ° 24μΈλμλ μ μ κ³ λ €νλ©΄, κ·λͺ¨κ° μ λ°μΌλ‘ μ€μ΄λ μ μ΄λ€. Aλͺ¨μμμ μ§κΈλ 2020λ κ΅κ³ λ³΄μ‘°κΈ λ° μ§μ체 μ§μκΈ μμ μ μ½ 3μ΅7μ²λ§ μ. μ 체 μμ°μ 90% μ΄μμ΄ μ λΆ μμ°μΌλ‘ μ΄μ©λλ ꡬ쑰λ€. κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ μΈμ μμ° μ€ μΈκ±΄λΉ λ±μ μ¬λ¬΄λΉμ μ¬μ°μ‘°μ±λΉλ‘λ§ μ½ 3μ΅ μμ μ§μΆνκ³ μλ€.
1. λͺ¨μμμ ꡬνΈκΈ ν‘λ Ή,γμ‘°μ μΌλ³΄γ, 1977.10.26.
2. μμ μκ³λΉ ν‘λ Ήγ, λμμΌλ³΄γ, 1977.10.25.
3. κ³ μμ ꡬνΈκΈν λΉΌλλ €,γκ²½ν₯μ λ¬Έγ, 1977.10.25.
μ¬λ‘2.
κΈ°μ κ°λΆν° 3λ μΈμ΅κΉμ§, κΈ°μ ν λͺ¨μμ
1995λ μ€λ¦½λ λΆμ°μ Bλͺ¨μμμ νλ μ€κ²¬ 건μ€νμ¬ νμ₯μ΄ μμ νλ κ³³μ΄λ€. μΌμ± κ³μ΄μ¬ μΆμ μΈλ¬Όλ‘ μλ €μ§ λ° νμ₯μ 70~80λ λ μννΈ κ±΄μ€ λΆμ νκ³ μ¬μ μ νμ₯νλ€. κ·Έκ° νμ₯μΌλ‘ μλ κ·Έλ£Ήμ 건μ€μ¬, κ°λ°μ¬, λμμ° μ ν΅ λ±μ κ³μ΄μ¬λ₯Ό λΉλ‘―ν΄ νκ΅λ²μΈ, μ¬ν볡μ§λ²μΈ, λ¬Ένμ¬λ¨ λ±μΌλ‘κΉμ§ μ¬μ μ λνλ€. κ·Έλ¬λ€ λ§λν μκΈμ μμλΆμ μννΈ κ±΄μ€ μ¬μ μ΄ λ§νλ©΄μ κ²½μλμ μλ¬λ Έκ³ , 1996λ 12μ λΆλλ₯Ό λ§μλ€.
κ²½μλμ μλ¬λ¦° μ¬μ μ£Ό μΌκ°μκ² Bλͺ¨μμμ λΉμκΈμ μ μ©ν μ μλ βμΈμΆκΈ°βμλ€. λΉμ κ²½μμ΄ μ΄λ €μμ§ νμ¬λ Bλͺ¨μμμ μ¬νλ³΅μ§ λ²μΈμ΄ μμ νκ³ μλ μνμκΈ 23μ΅ μμ νμ¬ κ³΅κΈμΌλ‘ μΈμΆν΄ μ μ©νλ€. λΉμ μΈλ‘ 보λμ λ°λ₯΄λ©΄, ꡬμ²μ μ΄ κ°μ μ¬μ€μ 6κ°μμ΄ μ§λ λ€μμΌ νμ νκ³ , κ·Έ νμλ μλΆ κΈ°κ΄μ λ³΄κ³ μ‘°μ°¨ νμ§ μμλ€.
μ΄μ κ΄λ ¨ν΄ κ΅¬μ² λ΄λΉ μ§μμ βλΉλ‘ λΆλκ° λ¬μ§λ§ 23μ΅ μ μ λλ λ©μ ν λ₯λ ₯μ΄ μλ κ²μΌλ‘ μλ€βκ³ λ°ν λ Όλμ΄ μΌκΈ°λ νλ€. μ¬ν볡μ§λ²μΈμ κ΄λ¦¬, μ κ²ν΄μΌ ν ꡬμ²μ΄ λ²μΈ νκ³ μ μ©μ λμλ‘μ§ μμ μΌλ‘ μΈμν μ μ΄λ€. νΉν μ¬κ±΄ λ°μ λΉμ, Bλͺ¨μμ μμ₯μ κ΅¬μ² κ°μ 볡μ§κ³Όμ₯μ μ§λλ 곡무μ μΆμ μ΄μλ€.
μ¬μ§μ΄ ν΄λΉ μ¬κ±΄μ΄ λ²μ΄μ§ νμλ λ° νμ₯μ μλ κ° Bλͺ¨μμμ λνμ΄μ¬μ§μ μ μ§νλ€. λ° νμ₯μ΄ λνμ΄μ¬λ₯Ό μ¬μν μκΈ°λ μ¬κ±΄ λ°μ 5λ μ¬κ° μ§λ 2002λ 3μμ΄λ€. νμμΌλ‘λ λ° νμ₯κ³Ό μ£Όμμ§κ° λμΌν μ΄ λͺ¨ μ¨κ° λνμ΄μ¬ μ리μ μ¬λλ€. νΈμ£Ό κ΅μ μ κ°μ§ μ΄ μ¨λ νμ¬κΉμ§ μ½ 19λ κ° Bλͺ¨μμμ μ΄μνλ μ¬ν볡μ§λ²μΈ λνμ΄μ¬λ‘ μ΄λ¦μ μ¬λ¦¬κ³ μλ€. 2019λ Bλͺ¨μμμ μΆκ²½μμ°μ 보면, κ΅κ³ λ° μλ보쑰κΈμΌλ‘ μ½ 7μ΅4μ²λ§ μμ μ§μμ λ°μλ€. μ΄κ³³μ μμ₯μ μ 480μ¬λ§ μ, μ¬λ¬΄κ΅μ₯μ μ 430λ§ μμ κΈ°λ³ΈκΈμ ν¬ν¨ν΄, λͺ μ ν΄κ°λΉ, κ°μ‘±μλΉ λ± μ 500λ§ μ μ΄μμ μκΈμ λ°μλ€.
1977λ μ μ μμ μκ³λΉμ μΈλΆ ꡬνΈκΈ λ±μ ν‘λ Ήν Cλͺ¨μμ μ€λ¦½μ κ²Έ μμ₯μ 2005λ 3μκΉμ§ μμ₯μ§μ μ μ§νλ€. κ·Έκ° μ΄μν μ¬ν볡μ§λ²μΈμ λͺ¨μμμ ν¬ν¨ν λ ΈμΈκ±΄κ°μΌν° λ±μ μμ€λ‘κΉμ§ νμ₯νκ³ , μλ€κ³Ό λ©°λ리, μλ μ μ΄λ₯΄κΈ°κΉμ§ 3λκ° κ° μμ€μ μμ₯κ³Ό λνμ΄μ¬μ§ λ±μ λ§‘κ³ μλ€. 1957λ μ€λ¦½λ Dλͺ¨μμμ κ²½μ°, μ€λ¦½ 3λ λ§μ μ€λ¦½μ κ²Έ μμ₯μ΄ ν‘λ Ή νμλ₯Ό λ°μλ€. κ·ΈλΌμλ μμ₯μ§μ μ μ§νκ³ , 1977λ λ ν λ² ν‘λ Ήμ¬κ±΄μ ν©μΈμλ€. Eλͺ¨μμ μμ 1977λ ν‘λ Ή μ¬κ±΄μ μΌμΌμΌ°λ λΉμ λͺ¨μμ λΆμμ₯ κ²Έ μ΄λ¬΄κ° 13λ λ€μΈ 1990λ μμ₯μΌλ‘ μ·¨μνλ€.
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Case 1:
Operational Scale of A Welfare Facility Decreased by Half, But Still Operating
As of 2020, A Welfare Facility operates on a scale capable of accommodating 12 generations. Considering that the number of resident generations was 24 as of 1991, the scale has halved. In 2020, the government subsidies and local government support funds received by A Welfare Facility amounted to approximately 370 million won. More than 90% of the total budget is funded by government budgets. Out of the income budget, approximately 300 million won is spent on administrative expenses such as personnel expenses and property creation expenses.
Embezzlement of Relief Funds at the Welfare Facility, Chosun Ilbo, October 26, 1977.
Embezzlement of Livelihood Funds for Residents, Dong-a Ilbo, October 25, 1977.
Diversion of Relief Goods from Orphanages, Kyunghyang Shinmun, October 25, 1977.
Case 2:
From Entrepreneurship to Three Generations of Inheritance, Corporate-style Welfare Facilities
Established in 1995, B Welfare Facility in Busan was once owned by the chairman of a mid-sized construction company. Park, the chairman, known to be from a Samsung affiliate, expanded his business during the apartment construction boom in the 1970s and 1980s. The group led by Park, who was the chairman, expanded its business to include construction companies, development companies, agricultural and fishery distribution companies, as well as school corporations, social welfare corporations, and cultural foundations. However, when the apartment construction business, which poured a huge amount of funds, faced difficulties, the group struggled with management issues and went bankrupt in December 1996.
For the troubled business family, B Welfare Facility was a "withdrawal machine" that could be used as an emergency fund. At the time, the struggling company withdrew 2.3 billion won from the bank account of the social welfare corporation owned by B Welfare Facility as company funds. According to media reports at the time, it was only six months later that the municipal office became aware of this fact, and even then, it did not report to the higher authorities.
In relation to this, a municipal official stated, "Although the company went bankrupt, it is known to have the ability to pay about 2.3 billion won," sparking controversy. The municipal office responsible for managing and inspecting social welfare corporations perceived the diversion of corporation accounts as trivial. Especially at the time of the incident, the director of B Welfare Facility was a former government official who served as the head of the municipal family welfare department.
Furthermore, even after the incident, Chairman Park maintained the position of CEO of B Welfare Facility for several years. Chairman Park resigned as CEO in March 2002, more than five years after the incident. He was succeeded by Mr. Lee, who had the same address as Chairman Park. Mr. Lee, an Australian citizen, has been the CEO of B Welfare Facility for about 19 years. In 2019, B Welfare Facility received approximately 740 million won in supplementary budget from national and provincial subsidies. The director here received a monthly salary of over 5 million won, including basic salary for the director and office manager, as well as holiday allowances and family allowances.
In 1977, the founder and director of C Welfare Facility, who embezzled resident livelihood funds and external relief funds, maintained the position of director until March 2005. The social welfare corporation he operated expanded to include facilities such as nursing homes, with three generations, including his son, daughter-in-law, and granddaughter, serving as directors and CEOs of various facilities. In the case of D Welfare Facility established in 1957, the founder and director were accused of embezzlement three years after its establishment. Despite this, he maintained his position as director and was embroiled in another embezzlement case in 1977. Similarly, in 1990, the vice-chairman and treasurer of E Welfare Facility, who caused the embezzlement case in 1977, became the director 13 years later.
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μ¬λ‘3.
βκ΅κ°λ³΄νμ²βμ μ°κ²°λ μ¬ν볡μ§λ²μΈ, ν‘λ Ήβ§λΉλ¦¬β§λ Έμ‘°νμκΉμ§
λꡬ λͺ©λ ¨λͺ¨μμμ μ΄μνλ λ―Έλ§μΈλͺ¨μ 볡μ§ν(볡μ§ν)λ μλ μ λΆν° λνμ΄μ¬ λ± μμλ€μ λ°°μ, ν‘λ ΉμΌλ‘ λ Όλμ λΉμ΄μλ€. μ€λ¦½μμΈ μλͺ©λ¨ μ¨λ 1972λ μ‘μμ μ¬μ¬μ λμμΌλ‘ λ―Όκ°μΈ μ΅μ΄ κ΅°μ©ν¬ν° λ΄μ 곡μ₯μ μ€λ¦½ν μΈλ¬Όμ΄λ€. μ²μμλ μ μλ―Έλ§μΈμ λκΈ° μν μ¬ν볡μ§λ²μΈμΌλ‘ μΆλ°νμΌλ, νμ¬λ λͺ¨μμκ³Ό μ΄λ¦°μ΄μ§, μ₯νμ¬μ λ±μΌλ‘ λ²μλ₯Ό λνλ€. λ²μΈμ΄ μ΄μνλ κ΅°μ©ν¬ν° λ΄μ 곡μ₯μ νλΆλͺ¨κ°μ μ¬μ±κ³Ό μ΄λ¦°μ΄ λ±μ μ§μνκΈ° μν μμ΅μ¬μ 체 μν μ νλ€.
볡μ§ν μ λνμ΄μ μμ₯μΈ μ μ¨λ λ°μ ν¬, μ λν μ κΆ μμ μ¬μ±κ³μμ κ΅΅μ§ν μν μ ν΄μλ€. κ·Έλ μ λν μ κΆμΈ μ 5곡νκ΅ μ€λ¦½ μ§μ , κ΅κ°λ³΄μμ λ²νμ 81λͺ μ€ μ¬μ±κ³ λνλ‘ μ΄λ¦μ μ¬λ Έλ€. κ΅κ°λ³΄μμ λ²νμλ μ λν μ κΆ μ립μ λ²μ ν λλ₯Ό λ§λ ¨νκΈ° μν 기ꡬλ‘, 81λͺ μ μμ μ λνμ΄ μλͺ νλ€. λΉμ κ΅κ°λ³΄μ μ λ²νμλ μ μΉκΆ μΈμ¬λ€μ μ μΉ νλ κΈμ§λ₯Ό λΉλ‘―ν΄ κ΅κ°λ³΄μλ², μΈλ‘ κΈ°λ³Έλ², λ Έλλ², μ§μλ² κ°μ μ λ±μ ν΅κ³ΌμμΌ°λ€. μ¬μ±κ³ λν λͺ«μΌλ‘ μ λ²νμμ μ°Έμ¬ν μ μ¨μ λΉμ μ§ν¨μ λνλ―Όκ΅μ λͺ°κ΅°κ²½ λ―Έλ§μΈν(λ―Έλ§μΈν)νμ₯μ΄μλ€.
λ―Έλ§μΈνλ μ λΆ κΈ°κ΄μΈ βκ΅κ°λ³΄νμ²βμ 보쑰κΈμΌλ‘ μ΄μνλ κΈ°κ΄μ΄λ€. κ·Έλ¦¬κ³ λ³΅μ§νλ λ―Έλ§μΈνμ μ¬μ€μμ μ§μ νλΆ λ¨μ²΄λ‘ μν μ ν΄μλ€. μ€μ λ‘ λ³΅μ§νλ 1971λ λ―Έλ§μΈν κ²½λΆμ§λΆ κ°λΆ μ΄νμ κ²°μλ‘ κ±΄λ¦½λλ€. 볡μ§νκ° κ³΅μ₯ μ΄μμΌλ‘ λ²μ΄λ€μΈ μμ΅λ λ―Έλ§μΈνλ‘ λ€μ΄κ°λ€. μλͺ©λ¨ μ λνλ₯Ό λΉλ‘―ν΄ μλ λ―Έλ§μΈν νμ₯λ€μ 볡μ§ν λνμ΄μ¬ λ° μ΄μ¬λ₯Ό μμνλ€. μ λμ€ νκ΅λ Έμ΄ μ κ΅μ¬μ μ ν΅λ Έλμ‘°ν©μ°λ§Ή μ€μ₯μ βμ¬ν볡μ§λ²μΈ λ―Έλ§μΈλͺ¨μ볡μ§νμ μκΈ λ¨μ²΄κ° λνλ―Όκ΅ μ λͺ°κ΅°κ²½λ―Έλ§μΈνλ€. λ―Έλ§μΈν μ°ν κ° μ§μ μ§λΆκ° μκ³ , 볡μ§νλ λꡬμ§μμ§λΆμ μμλΌ μλ€. μ¬μ€μ λμΌμ²΄μ κ°λ€βκ³ μ€λͺ νλ€.
λ―Έλ§μΈν 10λ νμ₯μ΄μ 40λ κ° λ³΅μ§ν λν μ΄μ¬ λ° λͺ¨μμ μμ₯μ λ§‘μμ¨ μ μ¨κ° ν‘λ Ή, λΉλ¦¬ λ Όλμ ν©μΈμΈ 건 2010λ μ λ€μ΄μλ€. ν μ μ²΄λ³΄λ€ λΉμΌ λ¨κ°λ‘ μλ¨μ 체μ κ±°λν λ€, μ°¨μ‘μ λλ €λ°λ μλ²μΌλ‘ λμ ν‘λ Ή νλ€λ κ²μ΄λ€. λ Έμ‘°μ λ°λ₯΄λ©΄, 2012λ λΆν° 5λ κ° μλ¨ μμ¬μ λ¨κ° μ°¨μ‘μ μ½ 51μ΅ μμ λ¬νλ€. μ μ¨λ 2012λ μ¬κΈ°ν‘λ Ή νμλ‘ κ²μ°°μ λΆκ΅¬μκΈ°μ λκ³ , λλ²μμΌλ‘λΆν° νμ νκ²°μ λ°μλ€.
μ΄ν 곡μ₯ κ²½μλμ΄ μ¬ννλ©΄μ 180λͺ μ΄μλ μ§μμ΄ 50μ¬ λͺ μΌλ‘ μ€μλ€. 체λΆμκΈλ μμ΄λ©° λ Έμ¬ κ°λ±μ΄ μ¦νλλ€. 2018λ μλ 볡μ§νκ° μ 1곡μ₯μ μ€μκΈ°μ μ²μ βμ§μ μμ° λ±λ‘μ 체βλ‘ λ±λ‘νμ§ μμ, λΆμ λΉ μ μ²΄λ‘ μ§μ λΌ κ²°κ΅ κ³΅μ₯ νμ μμμ λ°μλ€. κ·Έ κ³Όμ μμ μ§λ 2μ λ Έμ‘°μμμ₯μ ν¬ν¨ν μ‘°ν©μλ€μ΄ μ 리ν΄κ³ λλ€. λ Έμ‘°λ 볡μ§νκ° μλμ μΌλ‘ νμ μμμ λ°μ κ²μ΄λΌλ©° λ Έλμμνμ λΆλΉν΄κ³ λ° λΆλΉλ Έλνμ ꡬμ μ μ²μ μ κΈ°νκ³ , μ€μλ Έλμμνλ μ§λ 8μ λ Έλμμ μμ λ€μ΄μ€¬λ€. 볡μ§νλ μ΄μ λΆλ³΅ν΄ νμ¬ νμ μμ‘μ μ κΈ°ν μνλ€.
볡μ§νμ ν‘λ Ήκ³Ό λΉλ¦¬, λ Έμ‘°νμ λ±μΌλ‘ λ Όλμ΄ λμ μλͺ©λ¨ μ λνλ 2013λ λν μ΄μ¬μ§μμ λ¬Όλ¬λ¬λ€. νμ§λ§ κ·Έλ μ¬μ ν λ―Έλ§μΈνμ κ³ λ¬ΈμΌλ‘ μ리λ₯Ό μ§ν€κ³ μλ€. μ λμ€ μ€μ₯μ βλ―Έλ§μΈνλ κ΅κ°μ 곡μλ²μ μν΄ μ€λ¦½λ λ¨μ²΄λ€. μμ΅μ¬μ μ νλ €λ©΄ 볡μ§μ¬μ μ¬μμμνμ μ¬μ, μκ²°μ λ°μμΌ νλ€. νμ§λ§ λ―Έλ§μΈνλ 볡μ§νλ₯Ό ν΅ν μμ΅μ¬μ μΌλ‘ μ§μμ λ°μμλ€. λ λ¨μ²΄μ μΈλ¬Όλ€λ κ²ΉμΉλ€. μ¬μ€μ λ 립λ λ¨μ²΄λ‘ λ³Ό μ μλ€βλ©° βνμ§λ§ κ΅μ κ°μ¬μμ κ΅κ°λ³΄νμ²λ μμ λ€ μκ΄μ΄ μλλΌκ³ νλ€. νμ¬ μ¬νλ³΅μ§ λ²μΈκ³Ό 보νλ¨μ²΄κ° μΌλ§λ 주먹ꡬꡬμμΌλ‘ μ΄μλλμ§ λ³΄μ¬μ£Όλ κ²βμ΄λΌκ³ μ§μ νλ€.
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Case 3:
Social Welfare Corporation Connected to the National Veterans Affairs Administration, Involving Embezzlement, Corruption, and Labor Suppression
The Widow's Welfare Association (hereafter referred to as the Association), which operates the Magnolia Welfare Facility in Daegu, has been embroiled in controversy for several years due to embezzlement and corruption by executives such as the chairman. The founder, Mr. Ahn Mok-dan, established the first civilian military pant sewing factory in 1972 with the help of Ms. Yuk Young-soo. Initially, it started as a social welfare corporation to help war widows, but it has since expanded its scope to include welfare facilities for widows, childcare centers, and scholarship programs. The military pant sewing factory operated by the corporation served as a profit-making business to support single-parent families and children.
Mr. Ahn, the former chairman and director of the Association, played a significant role in the women's movement during the Park Chung-hee and Chun Doo-hwan regimes. Before the establishment of the Fifth Republic under the Chun Doo-hwan regime, he was listed as a representative of the women's sector among the 81 members of the National Defense Legislation Conference. The National Defense Legislation Conference was a body established to lay the legal foundation for the establishment of the Chun Doo-hwan regime, with all 81 members appointed by Chun Doo-hwan. At that time, the National Defense Legislation Conference passed various laws, including laws banning political activities of political figures, as well as amendments to the National Security Law, Press Basic Law, Labor Law, and Housing Law. Mr. Ahn's title at the time he participated in the legislation conference was the chairman of the Korea War Veterans Association for the Bereaved Family (Bereaved Family Association).
The Bereaved Family Association is an institution operated with subsidies from the National Veterans Affairs Administration, a government agency. The Association has effectively functioned as a regional subsidiary of the Bereaved Family Association. In fact, the Association was established based on a resolution at a meeting of officials of the Gyeongsangbuk-do branch of the Bereaved Family Association in 1971. The profits generated by the operation of the factory also went to the Bereaved Family Association. Mr. Ahn, along with former chairmen of the Bereaved Family Association, served as chairman and director of the Association. Jeong Dae-jung, head of the nationwide fiber distribution labor union of the Korean Confederation of Trade Unions, explained, "The Association of Bereaved War Widows is the top organization under the Korean War Veterans Association. Each regional branch is affiliated with the Bereaved Family Association, and the Association is affiliated with the Gyeongsangbuk-do branch. In fact, they are virtually the same entity."
The controversy surrounding embezzlement, corruption, and labor suppression involving Mr. Ahn, who served as the 10th chairman of the Bereaved Family Association and director of the Association for 40 years, began around 2010. It was reported that he embezzled money by purchasing raw materials from fabric companies at higher prices than other companies and then receiving the difference. According to the union, the price difference for raw materials from 2012 to 2017 amounted to approximately 5.1 billion won. Mr. Ahn was indicted without detention on charges of fraud and embezzlement in 2012 and received a final ruling from the Supreme Court.
Subsequently, as the management crisis at the factory worsened, the number of employees decreased from 180 to about 50. Unpaid wages accumulated, and labor disputes intensified. In 2018, the Association failed to register the first factory as a "direct production registered company" with the Small and Medium Business Administration, leading to its designation as an illegal company, ultimately leading to the closure of the factory. In the process, union members, including the head of the union, were dismissed in February. The union filed a petition for unfair dismissal and unfair labor practices with the Labor Committee, and the Central Labor Committee ruled in favor of the workers in August. The Association has filed an administrative lawsuit against this decision.
Amid controversies over embezzlement, corruption, and labor suppression by the Association, Mr. Ahn retired from his position as chairman and director in 2013. However, he still holds the position of advisor to the Bereaved Family Association. Jeong Dae-jung, the head of the union, pointed out, "The Bereaved Family Association is an organization established under the Act on Veterans of War, and if it wants to engage in profit-making activities, it must undergo review and approval by the Social Welfare Business Review Committee. However, the Bereaved Family Association has received support for profit-making activities through the Association. There is also overlap in personnel between the two organizations. In fact, it cannot be considered an independent organization." He further criticized, "However, during the national audit, the National Veterans Affairs Administration stated that they were not under their jurisdiction. This shows how the social welfare corporation and the veterans organization are being operated in a haphazard manner."
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μ¬λ‘4.
곡무μμ΄ μ 2μ μΈμμ μμνλ μ¬ν볡μ§μμ€
μ¬λ¨λ²μΈ μλμ κ΅νμ μ§μ¬λ¨μμ μ΄μνλ μκ°λλΉ(ꡬ μμλ§λΉλΌ)μ 2000λ μ μ€λ¦½λ λͺ¨μκ°μ‘±λ³΅μ§μμ€μ΄λ€. μ¬λ¨μμ μ΄μνλ μ¬ν볡μ§μμ€μ μκ°λλΉ, κΏλ무 μλμ’ ν©μλ΄μ, μλ΄μ΄λ¦°μ΄μ§ λ± μΈ κ³³μ΄λ€. μ¬λ¨ μ¬μ μ μμ΄κ° λλ μλ보νΈμΌν° βμμλ§μ§βμ 2017λ μ΄ νμλλ€. μμ κ° μ±νλ ₯ μ¬κ±΄μ΄ λνμ μ΄ λμ§λ§, ν‘λ Ή, νμκΈ λΆμ μ¬μ©, μ±μ© λΉλ¦¬ μνΉ λ±μ΄ μλ μ λΆν° λΆκ±°μ‘λ€. βμμλ§μμ§βμ μ§μ체 보쑰κΈκ³Ό μλ―Όλ€μ νμκΈμ ν©ν΄ μ°κ° 20μ΅ μ μ λμ μ§μμ λ°λ μμ€μ΄μλ€. μλμ κ΅νμ μμ°μ 2019λ κΈ°μ€ μ½ 103μ΅7,000λ§ μμ λ¬νλ€.
μ¬λ¨κ³Ό μμ€μμ μΌνλ μμ§μλ€μ μ리λ₯Ό λ°κΏκ°λ©° λ΄λΆ ꡬμ±μμ 곡μ νκ³ μλ€. μκ°λλΉ1λμμ₯μ΄λͺ¨μ¨λμμλ§μμ§(ꡬ μμλ§μλ μμ§) 보μ‘μ¬μ μ¬λ¨ μ΄λ¬΄μ΄μ¬λ₯Ό μμνμΌλ©°, νμ¬λ μ¬λ¨ μμμ΄μ¬λ‘ μλ€. 2λ μμ₯ κΉ λͺ¨ μ¨λ νκ³μ¬λ¬΄μ μ΄λ ₯μΌλ‘ μ¬λ¨κ³Ό μμ€μ νκ³λ₯Ό λ΄λΉν΄μλ€. λΆμ²μμ 곡무μλ€ μμ μ¬λ¨ μ΄μμ μ€μν μΆμ΄ λλ€. μ¬ν볡μ§κ³Ό 곡무μλ€μ ν΄μ ν μ¬λ¨μ μμ€μ μ리 μ‘μΌλ©° μ 2μ μΈμμ μμνλ€. κ·Έ κ°μ‘±λ€κΉμ§ μ¬λ¨ μμ€μ μ§μμ΄ λλ κ²½μ°λ μμλ€. λΆμ²μμ² μ¬μ±μ μ± κ³Όμμ 보μ‘μ 무λ₯Ό λ΄λΉνλ€ 2007λ ν΄μ§ν 곡무μ Bμ¨λ 2010λ μ¬λ¨μ΄ μ΄μνλ κΏλ무μλ볡μ§κ΄μ μ 3λ κ΄μ₯μΌλ‘ μ·¨μνλ€. Aμ¨μ λ°λ₯΄λ©΄ λ¬Έ μ¨μ λ μλ μμ μμλ§λΉλΌμ μμλ§μμ§μμ μ§μμΌλ‘ μΌνλ€.
Aμ¨λ βλΆμ²μμμ λͺ¨μμ μ κΈ° κ°μ¬λ₯Ό λκ° μμ μ΄λΌλ©° μλ₯λ₯Ό μ€λΉν΄ λμΌλΌλ μ νλ₯Ό λ°μ μ μλ€. κ°μ¬λ₯Ό 미리 μλ €μ£Όλ κ²μ ν©λΉν΄νκ³ μλλ° μ μ§μμ΄ κ°μ¬ λ΄λΉ 곡무μμ΄ λ³ΈμΈμ μλ§λΌκ³ μ΄μΌκΈ°λ₯Ό νλ€βλΌκ³ μ¦μΈνλ€. λΆμ²μμ²μ μλ볡μ§κ³Ό 곡무μ Cμ¨ μμ 곡무μ μνμ νλ€ ν΄μ ν μ¬λ¨μ΄ μ΄μνλ μλ΄μ΄λ¦°μ΄μ§ μμ₯μΌλ‘ μ·¨μνλ€. Cμ¨λ 10λ μ΄μ μμ₯μΌλ‘ μλ€ ν΄μ§νλ€.
곡무μμ΄ ν΄μ§ ν μμ€μ μ리λ₯Ό μ‘λ μΌμ μ μ§ μλ€. μμΈμμμ κ°μ‘±μ§μμ λ΄λΉνλ 곡무μ Cμ¨λ ν΄μ§ ν 1λ λ λμ§ μμ 2019λ , Dλͺ¨μμ μμ₯μΌλ‘ μ·¨μνλ€. Dλͺ¨μμμ λΆκ΅ μ¬λ¨μ΄ μ΄μνλ κ³³μΌλ‘ λνλΆκ΅μ‘°κ³μ’ μ μ€λμ΄ μ¬λ¨μ λ²μ£Όλ‘ μλ€. Cμ¨λ 2018λ μμΈμ νλΆλͺ¨κ°μ‘± μ§μμΌν°λ₯Ό λνλΆκ΅μ‘°κ³μ’ μ μ¬μνν λΉμ λ΄λΉ 곡무μμ΄μλ€. μ΄ μ¬μ μ μμ°μ μ½ 12μ΅ μμ΄μλ€. Cμ¨λ μμΈμ νλΆλͺ¨κ°μ‘±λ³΅μ§μμ€ μ΄μ κ³νκ³Ό μμ° λ±μ λ΄λΉνλ 곡무μμΌλ‘ Dμμ€μ νμ¬μλ μ°Έμ¬ν΄ μλ€.
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Case 4:
A Social Welfare Facility Where Government Officials Pursue Second Careers
The Eun-garam Villa (formerly New Hope Villa), operated by the World Mission Church Maintenance Foundation, is a welfare facility for single-parent families established in 2000. The social welfare facilities operated by the foundation include Eun-garam Villa, Dream Tree Child Comprehensive Counseling Center, and Eden Kindergarten. The Children's Protection Center, "New Hope House," which was the beginning of the foundation's business, was closed in early 2017. The center was embroiled in controversies such as embezzlement, improper use of donations, and allegations of irregularities in hiring, with a sexual assault case among the residents acting as a trigger. "New Hope House" received approximately 2 billion won in annual support, combining subsidies from local governments and donations from citizens. As of 2019, the assets of the World Mission Church amounted to approximately 10.37 billion won.
Employees of the foundation and facilities rotate positions and share internal members. Mr. Lee, the first director of Eun-garam Villa, previously served as a childcare worker at New Hope House (formerly New Hope Boys' Home) and as the general affairs director of the foundation, and currently holds the position of executive director of the foundation. The second director, Mr. Kim, handled the accounting of the foundation and the facilities with a background in accounting firms. Civil servants from Bucheon City also played a significant role in the operation of the foundation. Officials from the Department of Social Welfare retired and pursued second careers at the foundation's facilities. Some even brought their families to work at the facilities. Ms. B, who handled childcare duties at the Department of Women's Policy at Bucheon City Hall and retired in 2007, became the third director of the Dream Tree Children's Welfare Center operated by the foundation in 2010. According to Mr. A, Ms. B's two children also worked as employees at Eun-garam Villa and New Hope House.
Mr. A testified, "I once received a call advising me to prepare documents because Bucheon City was planning a regular audit of the welfare facility. I found it absurd that they would inform us about the audit in advance, and a colleague mentioned that the official in charge of the audit was their mother." Ms. C, a civil servant at the Child Welfare Department of Bucheon City Hall, also became the director of the Eden Kindergarten operated by the foundation after retiring. Ms. C served as the director for over ten years before retiring.
It is not uncommon for civil servants to take positions at facilities after retirement. Mr. C, who was responsible for family support at the Seoul Metropolitan Government, became the director of D Welfare Facility less than a year after retiring in 2019. D Welfare Facility is operated by a Buddhist foundation, with a Buddhist monk serving as the head of the foundation. Mr. C was the official in charge when the Seoul Metropolitan Government entrusted the operation of the Single-Parent Family Support Center to the Jogye Order of Korean Buddhism in 2018. The budget for this project was approximately 1.2 billion won. Mr. C was responsible for the operation plan and budget of the Single-Parent Family Welfare Facility in Seoul and also participated in events at D Facility.
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μ¬λ‘5.
μ’ κ΅λ¨μ²΄κ° μ΄μνλ βλ°μ¬μ±μ β μ¬ν볡μ§λ²μΈ
μ§λ 2019λ , λͺ¨μμ βλ¬λΉλ₯μ§βλ₯Ό μ΄μνλ μ¬ν볡μ§λ²μΈ μ§κ°λ³΅μ§μ¬λ¨μμ λ―Έν¬κ° ν°μ Έ λμλ€. μ§κ°μ’ μ΅κ³ μ§λμ νμ μ€λμ 첫째 μλ€ κΉ λͺ¨μ¨κ° 2015λ λΆν° μ¬λ¨ μ¬μ λΆμ₯μΌλ‘ μΌνλ©° μ¬μ§μ 2λͺ μ μμ΅μ μΌλ‘ κ°μ μΆννλ€λ νλ‘μλ€. μ¬κ±΄ μ΄ν μ¬λ¨ λνκ° μνλ‘ λ°λμμ§λ§, κ·Έ μμ μμ μ±νλ ₯ μ¬κ±΄μ 2μ°¨ κ°ν΄μλ‘ μ§λͺ©λλ€. λ―Έν¬ μ¬κ±΄ λΉμ κ·Έκ° μ±μΆν νΌν΄μλ€μκ² κ²°νΌμ λͺ» ν κ²μ΄λΌ μ‘°λ‘±νκ³ , μ±μΆν νλ‘μ λΆμν μλκ° μλ€κ³ λ°μΈν κ²μ΄ λ¬Έμ κ° λλ€. λμ±μ΄ μ’ λ¨μ νΌν΄λ₯Ό κ°μ‘°νλ©° νΌν΄μλ€μ μΈμ¬ μ‘°μ²νκ² λ€λ λ°μΈλ ν΄ μλΉν λ Όλμ΄ λλ€.
μ²μ£Όκ΅μ κ°μ κ΅ λ±μ κΈ°λ°μΌλ‘ ν λͺ¨μμμ, κ·Έ νμ μμ²΄κ° βλν λ°λβλΌλ μ’ κ΅μ μ λ μ κΈ°μ΄λ‘ νκ³ μλ€. νΉν λ―ΈνΌλͺ¨ μμ€μ κ²½μ°,λνλ°λμ΄λμλ²μ΄λμ²μ£Όκ΅μ κ°μ κ΅κ° μ΄μνλ κ²½μ°λ€ λ€μλ€. μ²μ£Όκ΅ μ¬λ¨μ΄ μ΄μνλ λ―ΈνΌλͺ¨ μμ€ βλ§λ¦¬μμ μ§β λ Έμ μ μ μμ₯μ 1992λ νκ΅μ βν΄μ€ν νλ‘κ·Έλ¨βμ΄λΌλ μ±κ΅μ‘ νλ‘κ·Έλ¨μ λμ ν μΈλ¬Όμ΄λ€. λ―Έκ΅ 10λ μ²μλ μ μμ , λν λ¬Έμ ν΄κ²°μ μν΄ μμλ μ΄ νλ‘κ·Έλ¨μ βμ±μ λ¨μν μΎλ½μ λκ΅¬κ° μλ μλͺ μ°½μ‘°λΌλ μ‘΄μν κ°μΉλ₯Ό κ°κ³ μμΌλ©°, μ±νμλ κ²°νΌ μν μμμλ§ μμ ν μλ―Έλ₯Ό κ°λλ€λ κ²βμ κ΅μ‘ λͺ©νλ‘ μΌλλ€.
κ°μ κ΅ κΈ°λ°μ λ―ΈνΌλͺ¨ μμ€ βμ λμβμμ 30λ κ° μΌν νμμ μ μμ₯λ λνμ£ νμ§ λ°λμ μ΄μ±μ μΌλ‘ νλνλ€. κ·Έλ μμ μ€μ§ μμ μ ν μ°λΆμΈκ³Ό λ° μμ¬λ₯Ό νμ¬ κ³ λ°νλ©° κ·Ήλ¨μ μΈ βλνβ λ°λ μ΄λμ νΌμΉ νλ‘λΌμ΄ν μμ¬νμ μλ¬ΈμμμΌλ‘ μ΄λ¦μ μ¬λ¦° μ΄λ ₯μ΄ μλ€. λ μ¬λ¨λ²μΈ λνλ°λμ΄λμ°ν©μ νμ₯μ΄μλ κΉνμ² λͺ©μ¬μ ν¨κ» λν λ°λ ν보, νΌμ μκ²°μ λ±μ κ΅μ‘μ ν¨κ» νκΈ°λ νλ€.
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Case 5:
A Social Welfare Foundation with a 'Anti-Feminist' Stance Operated by Religious Organizations
In 2019, allegations of sexual misconduct surfaced against the Jin Gak Welfare Foundation, which operates the "Moonlight Nest" shelter. The first son of the highest leader of the Jin Gak Sect, Mr. Kim, who served as the head of foundation operations since 2015, was accused of sexually assaulting two female employees on a regular basis. Following the incident, the foundation's leadership changed to Won Hye, but she was also implicated as a secondary perpetrator in the previous sexual assault case. Issues arose when, during the Me Too movement, she mocked the victims, suggesting they would never get married due to the assault, and insinuated impure intentions behind the accusations. Furthermore, her statement emphasizing the damage to the sect and promising to take disciplinary actions against the victims sparked significant controversy.
Shelters based on Catholicism and Protestantism often have their roots in religious beliefs that oppose abortion. In particular, many facilities for unmarried mothers are operated by Catholic and Protestant organizations engaged in anti-abortion movements. No Jeong-soon, the former director of "Maria's House," a shelter run by a Catholic foundation, introduced a sex education program called the "TeenSTAR Program" to Korea in 1992. This program, initiated to address teenage pregnancy and abortion issues in the United States, aims to educate that "sexuality has the dignity of creating life, rather than being merely a tool for pleasure, and sexual activity has its full meaning only within marriage."
Han Sang-soon, the former director who worked at "Ae-ran-won," a shelter based on Protestantism, for 30 years, was also actively involved in opposing the abolition of abortion laws. She filed criminal complaints against obstetricians and gynecologists who performed abortions and was known as an advisor to the Pro-Life Doctors' Society, advocating extreme anti-abortion movements. She also engaged in educational activities promoting anti-abortion campaigns and abstinence education, along with Pastor Kim Hyun-cheol, who served as the chairman of the Corporation for the Prohibition of Abortion.
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μ¬λ‘6.
μ¬μ ν λͺ¨μμμ μ΄μνλ κΈ°μ ν μ μκΈ°κ΄
νκ΅μ 3λ μ μκΈ°κ΄μΌλ‘ κΌ½νλ ννΈμλ 볡μ§ν, λνμ¬ν볡μ§ν, λλ°©μ¬ν볡μ§νλ νλ μμ΄λΆν° μ λΆμ κΉμ μ°κ΄μ΄ μλ€. λνμ¬ν볡μ§νμ μ μ μΈ νκ΅μλμνΈνλ 1954λ μ΄μΉλ§ μ λν΅λ Ήμ μ§μλ‘ μ€λ¦½λ μ λΆκΈ°κ΄μ΄μλ€. μ΄ μ λν΅λ Ήμ βνΌνκ³ μλ₯Ό μμ, μλ λ‘ μνλ μΈκ΅μΈμ΄ μλ κ²½μ°μ μ¬μ°¨ν μΈκ΅μΈμ μλ§μ λΆμνλλ‘ μ‘°μΉνλΌβκ³ νκ΅ μ΅μ΄μ μ μ κΈ°κ΄ μ€λ¦½μ μ§μνλ€.
ννΈμλ볡μ§νμ μ€λ¦½μ ν΄λ¦¬ ννΈλ λΉμ·ν μκΈ°μΈ 1955λ νκ΅ μ λΆμ 9μ² λ¬λ¬λ₯Ό κΈ°μ¦νκ³ νΌνμλμ΄ μ μ μ κΉμ§ λκΈ°νλ β리μλΉ νβμ μλλμ μ€λ¦½νλ€. ν΄λ¦¬ ννΈλ 1956λ μ ννΈμ¨ν΄μΈμμνλ₯Ό μ€λ¦½νκ³ κ΅λ΄ μ΅μ΄λ‘ μ¬νλ³΅μ§ μ νμ 3μΈμ λ½μ λ―Έκ΅ μ νμ 보λ΄λλ° κ·Έ μ€ ν λͺ μΈ λ°±κ·ΌμΉ μ νκ΅μΌλ‘ λμμ μ μκΈ°κ΄μΈ νκ΅μ¬νλ΄μ¬νλ₯Ό μ€λ¦½νλ€. λ°±κ·ΌμΉ μ νμ νκ΅μλμνΈνκ° κ°νΈλ λνμμ°νμ νμ₯μΌλ‘ μλͺ λκΈ°λ νλ€. λ€λ₯Έ νλͺ μ λ΄λ¬΄λΆ μ°¨κ΄μ μμν λ° μλ κΉλν©μΌλ‘, κ·Έλ 1972λ λλ°©μλ볡μ§νλ₯Ό μ€λ¦½νλ€.
ννΈ λνμμ°νλ 1965λ , 무λ±λ‘λ¨μ²΄ μνλ‘ 11λ κ° κ΅κ³ 보쑰κΈμ λ°μ μ΄μκ° λκΈ°λ νλ€. λΉμ κ³ μμ μλ¨μ²΄ 6κ° μ€ κ΅κ³ 보쑰κΈμ λ°λ λ¨μ²΄λ λνμμ°νκ° μ μΌνλ€. λΉμ κΈ°μ¬λ β²λ³΄μ‘°ν λ²μ κ·Όκ±° μλ 무λ±λ‘ λ¨μ²΄ νΌνκ³ μμ μμλ μκΈμ΄ νμ μλλ° λ³΄μ‘°ν μ β²μ¬μλ λΆν° 보쑰μ‘μ λ μ¦μ‘ν μ β²κ³ μμ μμ€μ μ λΉκ΅μ λΆνλ € λ³΄κ³ ν μ μ μμ¬νκ³ μλ€κ³ κΈ°λ‘νλ€.
3λ μ μκΈ°κ΄μ μ μ μ¬μ μ μΌνμΌλ‘ κ³Όκ±° λ―ΈνΌλͺ¨μμμ€ μ΄μμ λ°μ΄λ€μλ€. μ΄λ€μ΄ λ―ΈνΌλͺ¨ μμ€μ μ΄μν κΉλμ βμ μ μμλ£βλ₯Ό μ±κΈ°κΈ° μν μ΄μ κ° μ»Έλ€. μ΄λ€ μ μκΈ°κ΄μ΄ μ΄μνλ λ―ΈνΌλͺ¨ μμ€μμ μΆμ° ν μ μμ νλ 쑰건μΌλ‘ μ μλ₯Ό νκ°ν΄ λ Όλμ μΌμΌν€κ³€ νλ€. 2009λ 1μμλ βμμ‘μ λν μ 보λ μμ‘ κ΄λ ¨ μ§μ κΈ°κ΄μ λν μκ°λ νμ§ μκ³ μ μμ κ°μνλ€λ λ―ΈνΌλͺ¨ λ―ΌμμΈλ€μ νμμβ κ° (ꡬ)보건볡μ§κ°μ‘±λΆ μ λ¬Έκ³ μ μ μλλ€.(4)
μ΄λ¬ν λ°°κ²½ λλ¬Έμ μ§λ 2011λ , μ μκΈ°κ΄μ΄ λ―ΈνΌλͺ¨μμμ€ μ΄μμ κΈμ§νλ λ΄μ©μΌλ‘ βνλΆλͺ¨κ°μ‘±μ§μλ²βμ΄ κ°μ λλ€. μ΄μ λ°λ°ν 3κ° μ μκΈ°κ΄μ νλ²μμμ μ²κ΅¬νμΌλ, 2012λ νλ²μ¬νμλ ν©ν νκ²°μ λ΄λ Έλ€. ν΄λΉ κ°μ μμ΄ λ―ΈνΌλͺ¨μ λν μ μκΈ°κ΄μ λΆλΉν μ μ κΆμ λ₯Ό λ°©μ§νκΈ° μν κ²μ΄λΌλ νλ¨μ΄μλ€.
νλ²μ¬νμμ κ²°μ μΌλ‘ μ μκΈ°κ΄λ€μ΄ λ―ΈνΌλͺ¨μμμ€μμ μμ λ κ²μ μλμλ€. βκΈ°λ³Έμνμ§μνβ λ―ΈνΌλͺ¨ μμ€μ μ΄μν μ μκ² λ μ μκΈ°κ΄λ€μ β곡λμνμ§μνβμΌλ‘ μμ€ μ νμ λ°κΏ μ΄μμ μ΄μ΄λκ°λ€. κΈ°λ³Έμνμ§μν(1μ°¨)μ μΆμ° 6κ°μ μ΄λ΄μ μμ°λΆκ° 머무λ κ³³μ΄λ©°, 곡λμνμ§μν(2μ°¨)μ μν 36κ°μ λ―Έλ§μ μλ λ₯Ό λ νλΆλͺ¨κ°μ μ΄ λ¨Έλ¬΄λ₯΄λ κ³³μ΄λ€. 2012λ μ μκΈ°κ΄μ΄ μ΄μνλ λ―ΈνΌλͺ¨μμμ€ 16κ³³ μ€ 11κ³³μ νμ¬ μμ€ μ νμ μ νν΄ μ΄μμ μ΄μ΄κ°κ³ μλ€.
ννΈ κ΅λ΄ 3λ μ μκΈ°κ΄λ€μ μλΒ·μ₯μ μΈΒ· λ ΈμΈ λ³΅μ§ μ¬μ μ λΉλ‘―ν΄ λ³μκΉμ§ μ΄μνλ©° νμ¬λ κ±°λν μ¬ν볡μ§λ²μΈμΌλ‘ μ리νλ€. λΉμ리λ²μΈμΈ μ΄ μ μκΈ°κ΄λ€μ μ¬μ μμ΅μ 2019λ κΈ°μ€ ννΈμλ볡μ§ν 752μ΅4394λ§ μ, λλ°©μ¬ν볡μ§ν 340μ΅9971λ§ μ, λνμ¬ν볡μ§ν 347μ΅5054λ§ μμ λ¬νλ€. μ¬μ μμ΅μ μ λΆ λ³΄μ‘°κΈμ λΉλ‘―ν΄ κΈ°λΆ κΈν(μ리λ²μΈ, κ°μΈ, λͺ¨κΈλ¨μ²΄Β·μ¬λ¨ λ±) λ±μΌλ‘ ꡬμ±λΌ μλ€.
4. κΉκ·μ(2010). βνλΆλͺ¨κ°μ‘±μ§μλ² μΌλΆ κ°μ λ²λ₯ μ κ²ν λ³΄κ³ : μ΅μν¬ μμ λνλ°μβ, μ¬μ±κ°μ‘±μμν. μ νμ(2014), (μ¬)κ²½κΈ°λκ°μ‘±μ¬μ±μ°κ΅¬μ, βμ μκΈ°κ΄μ λ―ΈνΌλͺ¨κΈ°λ³Έμνμμ€ μ΄μμ νκ³Ό κ³Όμ βμμ μ¬μΈμ©.
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Case 6:
Corporate-Style Adoption Agencies Still Operating Maternity Homes
Three major adoption agencies in Korea - Holt Children's Services, the Korean Association for Social Welfare (Note: this is Korea Social Service / KSS), and the Oriental Social Welfare Association (Note: this is Eastern) - have been closely associated with the government since their inception. The precursor of the Korean Association for Social Welfare, the Korea Child Welfare Association, was established as a government agency in 1954 under the direction of former President Lee Seung-man. The former president directed, "Take measures to respond to the resentment of foreign nationals who wish to adopt mixed-race orphans by establishing Korea's first adoption agency."
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ννΈμλ볡μ§νμ μ€λ¦½μ ν΄λ¦¬ ννΈλ λΉμ·ν μκΈ°μΈ 1955λ νκ΅ μ λΆμ 9μ² λ¬λ¬λ₯Ό κΈ°μ¦νκ³ νΌνμλμ΄ μ μ μ κΉμ§ λκΈ°νλ β리μλΉ νβμ μλλμ μ€λ¦½νλ€. ν΄λ¦¬ ννΈλ 1956λ μ ννΈμ¨ν΄μΈμμνλ₯Ό μ€λ¦½νκ³ κ΅λ΄ μ΅μ΄λ‘ μ¬νλ³΅μ§ μ νμ 3μΈμ λ½μ λ―Έκ΅ μ νμ 보λ΄λλ° κ·Έ μ€ ν λͺ μΈ λ°±κ·ΌμΉ μ νκ΅μΌλ‘ λμμ μ μκΈ°κ΄μΈ νκ΅μ¬νλ΄μ¬νλ₯Ό μ€λ¦½νλ€. λ°±κ·ΌμΉ μ νμ νκ΅μλμνΈνκ° κ°νΈλ λνμμ°νμ νμ₯μΌλ‘ μλͺ λκΈ°λ νλ€. λ€λ₯Έ νλͺ μ λ΄λ¬΄λΆ μ°¨κ΄μ μμν λ° μλ κΉλν©μΌλ‘, κ·Έλ 1972λ λλ°©μλ볡μ§νλ₯Ό μ€λ¦½νλ€.
ννΈ λνμμ°νλ 1965λ , 무λ±λ‘λ¨μ²΄ μνλ‘ 11λ κ° κ΅κ³ 보쑰κΈμ λ°μ μ΄μκ° λκΈ°λ νλ€. λΉμ κ³ μμ μλ¨μ²΄ 6κ° μ€ κ΅κ³ 보쑰κΈμ λ°λ λ¨μ²΄λ λνμμ°νκ° μ μΌνλ€. λΉμ κΈ°μ¬λ β²λ³΄μ‘°ν λ²μ κ·Όκ±° μλ 무λ±λ‘ λ¨μ²΄ νΌνκ³ μμ μμλ μκΈμ΄ νμ μλλ° λ³΄μ‘°ν μ β²μ¬μλ λΆν° 보쑰μ‘μ λ μ¦μ‘ν μ β²κ³ μμ μμ€μ μ λΉκ΅μ λΆνλ € λ³΄κ³ ν μ μ μμ¬νκ³ μλ€κ³ κΈ°λ‘νλ€.
Harry Holt, the founder of Holt Children's Services, donated $9,000 to the Korean government in 1955 and established a "Receiving Home" in Sango-dong where mixed-race children awaited adoption. In 1956, Harry Holt founded the Holt Adoption Agency Overseas and selected three social welfare students to study abroad in the United States. Among them, Baek Geun-chil returned to Korea and established the Korean Social Welfare Society (Note: this is Korea Social Service / KSS), an adoption agency. Baek Geun-chil later served as the chairman of the reorganized Korean Adoption Association. Another individual, Kim Deuk-hwang, who had previously served as the Deputy Minister of the Ministry of Home Affairs, founded the Oriental Children's Welfare Association (Note: this is Eastern) in 1972.
Meanwhile, the Korean Adoption Association became an issue in 1965 when, as an unregistered organization, it received government subsidies for 11 years. At that time, among six orphan adoption agencies, the Korean Adoption Association was the only one receiving government subsidies. Articles from that period record that investigations were underway regarding β² the allocation of subsidies to unregistered organizations for the adoption of mixed-race orphans, for which no legal basis for support existed β² increased subsidies since the year before β² and exaggeration of the adoption performance reported to the authorities.
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As part of their adoption activities, the three major adoption agencies also became involved in operating maternity homes for unmarried mothers in the past. The reason for their involvement in running maternity homes for unmarried mothers was largely to collect "adoption fees." Controversy arose when these adoption agencies operated maternity homes where adoption was a condition for admission after childbirth. In January 2009, a petition was filed by unmarried mothers alleging that they were coerced into adoption without being provided information on childcare or introduced to childcare support organizations, and it was received by the Ministry of Health and Welfare's former hotline.
Due to this background, in 2011, the "Single Parent Family Support Act" was amended to prohibit adoption agencies from operating maternity homes for unmarried mothers. In response, the three adoption agencies filed a constitutional petition, but in 2012, the Constitutional Court ruled that the amendment was constitutional. It was judged that the amendment aimed to prevent adoption agencies from unfairly persuading unmarried mothers to relinquish their children for adoption.
Despite the Constitutional Court's decision, adoption agencies did not completely withdraw from operating maternity homes for unmarried mothers. Adoption agencies that were no longer able to operate "basic living support type" maternity homes changed their facility types to "shared living support type" and continued their operations. The "basic living support type (1st phase)" allows pregnant women to stay within six months of childbirth, while the "shared living support type (2nd phase)" accommodates single-parent families with children under 36 months of age. Of the 16 maternity homes operated by adoption agencies in 2012, 11 have since converted their facility types and continue to operate.
On the other hand, the three major adoption agencies in Korea have become giant social welfare corporations, running welfare programs for children, people with disabilities, the elderly, and even hospitals. The business profits of these non-profit organizations totaled 75,243.94 million won for Holt Children's Services, 34,099.71 million won for the Oriental Social Welfare Association, and 34,750.54 million won for the Korean Association for Social Welfare as of 2019 (Note: this is Korea Social Service / KSS). Business profits are composed of government subsidies as well as donations (from corporations, individuals, fundraising organizations, foundations, etc.).β